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LIFE AND HISTORY
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Published in June 15, 1994 |
The
Painter, José Gausachs |
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The perspective in which we are placed by this end of century, which is also an end of
millennium, dominated,
with respect to the development of visual arts, for the ambiguous and fugitive
sign of the so called postmodernism, makes furthermore
interesting and attractive the figure of Joseph Gausachs, an artist who already
in the thirties of this century was " back from all the vanguards ", after close contact with the most select of the Parisian
artistic elite , which allowed him
to assimilate his freedom, skills
and techniques, without accepting the limitations of none
of his dogmatism..
An artist, in addition, who far from separating from his
roots, deepening in the Catalan tradition not only of the impressionism of Casas and Rusiñol, and, as the critic Manuel Valdeperes
said, of "the sober magnificence of Nonell", but even from
the Romanesque sacred
austerity, managed to develop a personal language of his own with which he was able to catch on his linen an
unpublished perception of the tropical Caribbean light. |
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From His Childhood in Sarriá To His First Parician Experience. |
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Joseph Gausachs Armengol was born on the 1st of May, 1889 in the population
of Sarriá, which later became a poor district of Barcelona, In the care of
a accommodated middle-class family. A childhood and a youth that should have
developed without any problems were nevertheless, darkened by
adversities such as the ones he knew to overcome, like a trepanation he suffered at the age of eleven
that produced a paralysis to almost half
of his face.
Subsequently, a spark of a
stone wounded his retina and almost lost the vision of one of his eyes. This fatality
did not become an obstacle for qweryu his
artistic vocation consolidated by the formation obtain by studying
in the Academy Baixas and in the Academy
of Fine Arts of the Lotjía, and receiving also, according to Rafael Benet,
some influence of the call "school of Sarriá, in which the
great artist Towers
Garcia ". lefts his foot steps. |
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That academic teaching, as routineful as it might seem to us, contributed
with two key
elements that provided solidity to the already mature talents of Gausachs;
those
were, his authentic technical virtuosity, which he did not obtain but simply
perfected in Paris, and his established sense of discipline and
diligence, that never diminish, not even during the last years of his life,
when his health became a little delicate.
One of
his professors, Félix Mestre, said about Gausachs; "intelligent and
skillful, tempered his academicism with a discrete
dose of creed impressionism". According to account one of the biographers of
Gausachs, A. Junyent. Mestre had the ability to discover, among his
students, which had authentic talent, and was exactly what occurred with
Gausachs, who became his disciple favorite, and became his assistant for paintings of murals. |
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But even out of the academy they did not lack the
intellectual stimuli. Was the Barcelona of ends of the 19th century and principles of the XX,
where, according to the same author, they took a seat "the impressionism of Rusiñol and of Houses, the intellectual anarchism of Pedro Corominas, the
architecture of Gaudí, the poetry and the music of Maragall, to Die and Pedrell,
the theater of Guime-rá and Puig i Ferrater, the novels of Narcissist Oller and
of Pompey Gener, with their petulant hat of musketeer and the prestige of to
have been a lover of Sarah Bernhard. General headquarters of the revolucionarismo modernist was the bar 'Els Quatre Gats', by where appeared
frequently a young one flacucho and shaggy, enthusi
It provided of an avid and awake sensibility and of a solid
technical discipline, the artist was transferred to Paris at the moment of the
boom of the Cubism and the Fauvism.
where would find him the crash of the First World War. |
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The Gentleman Of Montparnasse |
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Installed
in Montparnasse. Gausachs enjoyed the narrow
contact and the stimulating exchange of ideas and enthusiasm with the best-known
among the artists of its time, like Modigliani (of whose work was converted with
the time in an authentic expert). Gargallo. Utrillo. Juan Gray. Chirico. Fujita.
Picasso. Marquet. Bracque. Marc Chagall.
He then passes from impressionism to Cubism,
Dadaism, Surrealism... from this last one he was attracted above all
by the practice
of the dactilism and the special sensibility for capturing the fantastic and
magical side of things that never abandoned him and is found on the root of
all aspects of his peculiar vision of the
Caribbean world which possibly even had an influence on Wolfredo Lam.
From the expressionism and the neoexpresionismo he took, perhaps,
some of the most characteristic traces of his style. Nervous tremulous graphics,
that at the same time were gifted with energetic crafted and secure sinthesis that affirms without doubts the integrity of the
object, without concessions to divisionism but that Paradoxicaly incorporates
the tonal sensibility and the serene luminous lyricism of the impressionistic models.
Especially on the painting of landscapes, of which Jose Gausachs was a consummate master. The
gentleman of Montparnasse", nickname with wich Josep Gausachs was known
back then in that small artistic Parisian world, at the time he worked with a
reduced palette , of white,
black, blue cobalt, yellow cadmium and emerald. which were sufficient for him to reach
the enthusiastic compliment of the critics, including the remarkable critics of. Pernaud,
art critic of "L´lntransigeant", who affirmed then that Josep Gausachs
painted "with the colors of the French flag", with that typical tendency
of considering and
absorbing the foreign talents during his time in French grounds and developing
and making it his own.. Charensol, from "Les Nouvelles Literaires", did not remain
behind he considers the artist as one of the finest representatives of the
school of painting, and the same can be told about Christian Zervos and Waldemar
George. |
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At the moment of Gausachs, the
manifesto compliment
of Picasso and of Albert Marquet, were also there. who stood before one of its pictures admitting: "¡This picture had wanted it to paint I!" Finally Tristán Tzara expressed growth to the quality of the man and of the artist that was Josep
Gausachs, giving him an and a box of paintings, that still conserve, as a
valuable relic, the relatives of the Catalonian painter.
Gausachs exposed repeatedly in Paris, in the galleries of
They go Ogen. Pierre and Vidrach, and in Brussels and Amsterdam. Little by
little a reputation in growing boom managed to work, and that had given still
more yielded fruits if had remained in Paris al to finish the World War, in an
exceptional moment of inflation of the prices in the artistic market. For it
counted already with proposed attractions of various acquaintances "marchands of
tableaux". But family obligations would oblige to return to the City Condal,
with what a new chapter of its life was initiated and its work.
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The Mediterranean Light |
| Of return in Barcelona, Gausachs was dedicated to the docencia in the Academy of Fine Arts, where would teach the technique of the repujado of the for sixteen years, technical leather that knew to the perfection
by to have dedicated to its practice during its continuance in Paris, al time
that painted and carried out expositions. |
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Also
in Spain their activity expositora was it sufficient
important by the quality and the quantity so that the press and the criticism of
the thirties in Catalonia and in Spain they assigned him a noticeable place. The
historian of the art Juan Antonio Merry Ñuño did not doubt in considering it as
one of the most representative examples of the Catalonian school of painting
during the first half of the 20th century. All which he does paradoxical,
although not less certain, the affirmation of Manuel Trens that Gausachs had not
left to be, in its land, "a great stranger". Opinion this that expressed in the
catalogue of a retrospective that to posthumous title dedicated him in 1964 the
gallery of art Syra, of Barcelona.
This great oversight was owed, without doubt, to personal and
political circumstances. Gausachs was converted, owed al crash of the civil War
of 1936, in another of so many intellectuals and artists that formed part of
that "Spain of the Exodus" and to which the culture of the America Spanish owes
a recognition that barely now is valuing itself in its just measure. The absence
and the subsequent silence they erased during years the memory of a work of
exceptional quality. But possibly it have contributed also al relative ignorance
of Gausachs by the new generations in Spain (another thing is the Dominican
Republic, where worked during two decades and several generations of artists
recognize it with pride as their indisputable teacher) the same independence and
nobility of their character, alien to the lobbies and the advertising management
that so much they abound in the world of the art, producing by the treta and the Prestiges so fulgurantes as unwarranted and, likewise, ephemeral. |
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After a first exposition in the Galleries Dalmau, to which
the criticism of the epoch attributed a certain one decorativismo, in recent
months of 1931 Gausachs presented in Galleries Layetanas a collection of
drawings to the watered down one, some colored, of landscapes of the Valley of I
Throw, in the aragonese Pyrenee, that the newspaper "The Publicitat" of December
eleven characterizes as "subjective glosses of a fugitive vision qualified
Expressionism tempered by a sentimental abandonment". In them trasparecen those
shades neorrománticos that some have wanted to see later in Gausachs, and that
are guaranteed in the work of an artist that, as consigned Rafael Benet November
26 in "Window", already was known by the from barcelona criticism as a "divisionista", that covered its fabrics, like those of Dalmau, with pinceladas long and
vertical; Later as a "fauve" creative of images amosaicadas, and, Finally, by a
brief time, like the surrealist. Benet did not doubt, therefore, of the notably
restless character of Gausachs neither of an Europeanism of the one that gave
faith their Parisian successes, but considered opportune to add that the fabrics
and drawings of their more recent production of then showed that besides a man
of their time, and to be it truly. Gausachs had some deep and indisputable roots
in its own tradition. |
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In February of 1932 exposed again, now paintings, and in the
Even Room. Ráfols. Benet. F. V. Foix spoke then of "neofauvismo" in the painting
of Gausachs. or of a "beating of the Fauvism enriched, besides, by a personal vision", Foix. Or "Focius", is converted then
in the angriest defender of the work of Gausachs. The exposition of the Even
Room is converted then in the pretext for the celebration of a homage al artist
in the "Lyon d' Or", al that attended, among others, the critical Sebastián
Gasch. Foix and Benet. the artists Grau Room. Fenosa Obiols. Besides J. A. Maragall and the poet Decay Ribas, who dedicated a poem al honored. |
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But besides the twenty-seven cloths of the Even Room, that
understood above all landscapes and figures. Gausachs present was done that year
in the from barcelona artistic world by its participation in the "Parlor of Montjui' c". Where the press names him among the "master" such as Caries,
Mercado Labarta, Domingo y Pidelaserra.
In 1934 and 1935 Guasachs exposed landscapes of Ibiza and
Majorca, where was painting and working the art of the vitral,and respectively,
of Collicabra. The strong brightness of the mediterranean landscape, that
without gradations neither shades, as affirmed a critic (A. Flat, of "The
Vanguard"), puts in the first plan all the objects, without "half measures",
"brutally", is assumed with the same accuracy perceptual that the fogs and
variations infinitesimales that in their previous landscapes define it as a
virtuous one of the tonal appraisal.
Also it exposed, like the balearic islands, in Valencian
Galenas, the landscapes of Collicabra manage to maintain, by the tonal precision
of the pincelada, all the luminous vibration of the atmosphere. A tone a the
more dramatic and contrasted is shown in the still lifes of then, like that of
"The Bleda". of 1934, presented by the artist in the Parlor of Montjui' c of
that year, and that immediately was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art of
Catalonia. |
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A cromatismo that avoids always the estridencia, but never
the harmonización audacious of blue and red brilliant, a pincelada long and
spontaneous, a sure drawing and fluid, they corroborate the impression of
maturity that the painting of Gausachs produces then in the criticism of the
epoch, and that culminates funnily in their pictures of flowers, that have all
the joy and the coolness of those of Redon.
Also in 1935 it exposes Gausachs in the Room Bigas and in
Vic. Does not it leave for then to enter in the art of the portrait, often with
romantic unpleasant aftertaste, or doing gala of composite imagination and of
grace, as in which did of its ancestors. Neither the works abstraccionistas of
their last period in Holy Sunday lack precedents in their from barcelona phase.
Gausachs not itself supeditó never to dogmatism of school, and much less to
self-imposed limitations, what does not do impossible a differentiation of
periods in its work, but whenever this be understood inside a notable fluency,
being maintained continuously and through the changes a notable unit of the
style that does not do more than translating, without proposing it to him, the
personality of the creator, and "the emotion", that contraryly It sought by Bracque, and in harmony with Juan Gray, to should "to correct to the rule". |
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Also
during the thirties participated Gausachs in Spain in importantes collective
expositions, as that of Catalonian painters organized by the newspaper "The
Herald of Madrid", or the exposition-contest that carried out the Museum of
Decorative Arts of Montjuich, dedicated to views of Montserrat of Catalonian
painters, where a fabric that harmonized blue and luminous roses showed once
more its indisputable talent of colorist. |
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But again the destiny twists the course of the life of Josep
Gausachs. Their they known republican loyalty and their liberal mood and
progressive they could not be arranged with the state arisen of the civil War of
1936-1939. Al serious danger that ran their life themselves most greatest the
police repression that even complicated the conservation of part of their work.
After being in fields of French concentration, especially in Narbonne, its friends manage to find it, and finally could flee in the ship
"Cuba", when already World War Two had been initiated, bound for America, and in
company of its son Francisco, who would also be a painter and professor of
painting.
A series of circumstances, among the ones that the need is
emphasized of "to clean" the international image of one of the picturesque and
most bloodthirsty despots of Spanish America, Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, that had
just ordered the killing of some thirty thousand Haitians, determined that this
to open the doors of the Dominican Republic to them exiled Spaniards, in a
boasting of apparently incomprehensible humanitarianism since the point of view
of the democratic mentality Of them they exiled, in franco contrast with the
ideas and the actions of the dictator.
That migration in which intended to give priority to the
farmers, with the ones that was sought to populate the bordering zone of Holy
Sunday with Haiti, carried to the small republic antillana a considerable number
of intellectuals and artists. The more, they went in a not greater time limit of
five years, not without leaving before a lasting track in the cultural life of
the nation. Gausachs, that according to Vicente Llorens was, among the artists,
"the best-known one and of greater age", remained in the island, save a
temporary stay in Venezuela, in 1945, to its death happened July 26, 1959. |
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Exile and another sea |
January eleven, therefore, of 1940, Gausachs was found in
Holy Sunday. Its first participation documented in an exposition is in that of
private character and celebrated in the residence of the naval aggregate of the
legation of the Embassy of the United States in the Dominican Republic, July 31,
1942 , and that was dedicated to contemporary Spanish painting. Granell
contributed a landscape al Silver Port oil, al north of the island, and two
drawings, that added to six works of Eugenio Fernández Granell, and seven of the
muralist José Watches Zanetti, also exiled in Holy Sunday..

This same year participated in the First Biennial Exposition
of Plastic Arts that was celebrated in the country, and al following year in an
of Self-portraits, kind that cultivated with certain frequency and extraordinary
results, and with the one that the National Gallery of Fine Arts was inaugurated,
that so much signified for the Dominican art of the forties. |
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In 1944 it participated in an exposition that organized the
Commission of Spanish Refugees for the Commemoration of the Centennial of the
Dominican Republic, and that presided the eminent criminal lawyer Constancio
Bernaldo of Quirós, besides the Biennial Second of Plastic Arts, where gained
the Third Prize, that was the corresponding one to the category of landscape, by
its oil "Haina". That same year was named professor of the National School of
Fine Arts, that had been inaugurated in August of 1942 with a faculty
constituted in its greater part by European teachers exiled, so much Spanish
republican like Central European Jews. Slightly more than a year later, and al
to return of a temporary stay in Venezuela, Gausachs was named deputy director
of the School, and subsequently the direction he was offered him, that did not
accept.
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Also in 1944, of January 30 al 15 of February, he carried out
his first individual exposition in Holy Sunday, which reseña the Dominican so
much press as the newspapers of him exiled Spaniards, calling attention to the
great affluence of public. This sample, fundamentally of landscapes, the
discovery he shows us of "another sea", the Caribbean, by this man of the
Mediterranean, previously fascinated by the coastal landscapes and the sun of
the Balearic islands. |
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His Visit to Caracas Venezuela. |
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En1945 resided for some time in Venezuela, where exposed in
the Museum of The Caobos and was celebrated extensively by the criticism as the
representative of the impresionismo Spanish. In 1948 it participated with a work
out of contest, that nevertheless was rewarded, in it I SAW National Biennial of
Arts Plastics of the Dominican Republic. He declined public and kindly the
honor, alleging that since a time ago had the custom of participating in the
Biennials only 'out of contest". |
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In 1953 it did Gausachs an exposition in the Institute
Cultural American Dominican where presented, among others things, his first
studies on the black art, possibly the first also, that carried out an artist in
the Dominican Republic. In 1954 he presented a retrospective, already. in the
French Alliance. In 1953 he had participated in said central in two collective
organized by the National Circle of Artists, that in 1954 member of the jury of
the contest of art named it that celebrated in the Institute Cultural American
Dominican.
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In October also of 1954 participated in an exposition of
religious art that the group catholic Apse organized in the parlors of the
Dominican literary Society. It is of the major interest the ingenuous and
expressive religious art of Gausachs. in which Manuel Three has detected
typologies iconográficas deep-rooted in the Romanesque one, like the Virgin that
maintains in arms to a Christ with childlike size, but proportions and face of
adult.
In 1955 Gausachs he was included in an important
international exposition organized by the literary Society of Caracas, where he
represented to the Dominican Republic along with his more next disciple.
Gilberto Hernández Ortega, and Jaime Colson, a Dominican that according to
Lourdes Cirlot had some influence on the group Dau al Set in his beginnings, and
was great friend of Tharrats. Exposition that included works of Léger, Hartung,
Soulages. Vasarely, Magritte, Petorutti. Diego Rivera. Candid Portinari. Lam. Rouault, Picasso. Bores. Pelayo, Siquei-ros, Guayasamín. |
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In the work of Gausachs in Holy Sunday, and according to Naescher, its main collector, a Swiss that possesses near a hundred drawings and
paintings of the artist, and that obtained of André Breton two drawings of
Picasso in exchange for one of Gausachs, is possible to indicate four "phases"
in the production of Gausachs. These are a first one dedicated al landscape, a
second referred to the figures of black and mulatas, the third, that radicalizes
the tendency to the synthesis that characterizes not only its Dominican period,
but the work of all its life, and, finally, the upset toward the abstraction of
the end of its life. Although in the case of Gausachs, we think that there is
not an abstraction but several: that of very schematic works that can be
included in which has been given in calling "paisajismo abstract", that of works
as "Swamp Party", of 1955, or "Sputrik", of 1957, where is visible the track, in
which belongs to the estructuración spatial, of the Cubism or the
constructivism, or, in short, the abstractions like an of Collection of Jorge
Gausachs where a galloping graphics, of rhythm tormented and overwhelming as
that of a Pollock or a Michaux, they link it with the automatism or the abstract
expressionism.
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But among its more characteristic works they are, clear is,
the landscapes. Exactly Gausachs was in Holy landscapes painting professor
Sunday, and its expert eye distinguished with clarity the shades that
differentiated the rustic landscapes of the southwest from the of the South
region of the island, rich in ocres, or the most tender tones of the North
region and head Office of the Cibao. It created an image of the tropic, like
they knew to see the critical Manuel Valdeperes and Rafael Díaz Niese, that
broke the topic of the estridencias chromatic, to be inclined toward a lyrical
vision of the light. A peculiar optic phenomenon that has been confused often
with fogs, typical of the tropical tomorrows, is that of a silver brightness
that comes dissolve, by its same intensity, the forms and the colors. |

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The eye of
the foreigner, as knew to note Valdeperes, is more apt than that of the-native
to detect that reality (and more the eye of a man of the Mediterranean), of a
"light that hidden, and a darkness that reveals", as sage aims María
Commotion-Not, in an unforgettable trial on Wilfredo Lam, as own of the
Caribbean. Among the painters of the area, we think that only the Venezuelan Reverán has been capable of carrying out and to radicalize that perception of
the Caribbean light.. |
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Also the figures of black and mulatas of Gausachs, that
someone has considered descending islanders of the gypsies of Nonell, they
deserve to be mentioned as definition, beyond the individual portrait, of an
authentic native type in which the crookedness of the line collects all a
repertoire of variant psychological, the sadness, the laxity, the freedom, the
challenge, the erotic seduction or the -mystery of the instinctive thing. It
inhabits in them a he, an effervescence of life, that the distance determined of
the a lot more hieratic than conceived another exiled Spaniard, Angel Botello,
very influenced by Gauguin.

Not less important it is an iconología of vegetations and
figures, of manglar, fish and fantastic animals that define all a fantastic and
magic vision of the Caribbean that revives, in key tenebrista, in Gilberto
Hernández Ortega and possibly in Lam. You figure and form flat and synthetic,
trimmed by thick dark lines, they carry us, as the Romanesque iconography That
the painter knew so well, beyond the empirical space that denotes the
Renaissance perspective to another absolutely numinoso where the art, like preconiza Klee, does visible the invisible thing. |
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Nevertheless
all the appreciations and classifications should be handled with care,
offering them sufficient fluency, in the case of the work of Gausachs. Other
notable characteristics of their production are, on the one hand, the
abundance of works of small format, and carried out with costly little
materials, like pencils of childlike color, waxes, charcoal and sanguinas,
besides gouaches, watercolors, watered down, ink and pastel, and by another its grandísima influence on the generations of Dominican painters that were its
disciples: a Dominican critic has said that the history of the art of the
country is able Before and after Gausachs. We corroborate without any doubt that
affirmation, adding that the Catalonian painter is not the unique one, but yes
the major responsible one for that today, if he can be spoken of a "national
school", in the Dominican painting, that is the expressionism, no matter how
more the expressionism of Gausachs always was moderated by an elegance that did
not admit neither by I appear the bombastic thing or him efectista.
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He remains today, above all, his ethical copy felt of the
work of the artist, his love al I work, his consequent independence, without
poses neither boastings, without concessions, just as has underlined repeatedly
his main collector, Naeseher, to commercial seductions. Gausachs never he
painted for assignment, neither he wanted to sell their works, not even very
well full, to people that him did not please. |
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Since their death they have been dedicated him several
retrospectives: in Holy Sunday, in the House of Spain in 1963, two in the
Gallery of Modern Art in the seventies and an in the Cafarelli, and in 1983 in
the City of the Artists of High of Chavón. Another in 1964 in the Gallery Syra
of Barcelona, that already in 1950 had dedicated him, in life of the artist, a
retrospective that can be considered as the start of the rediscovery of Gausachs
in Spain. We expect that these lines contribute al same, so much like the
transfer of a series from among 80 and 240 drawings that the collector Partagés
yielded al Museum of Modern Art of Barcelona. To a street of Holy Sunday,
besides, him was given, like homage, the name of Josep Gausachs. |
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A metaphysics of the light, like factor that determines the
step of the forms and the beings by the threshold of the real thing, went
developing gradually as background of the work of Gausachs. As many artists that
passed through the surrealism, experienced, above all in its fantasies around
the forms of the manglares antillanos, the step of the onirismo to the fantastic
thing. "When the reality becomes fiction -wrote al margin of one of its
drawings-, the obsession is confused with the same reality." |
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